How to Program in C++ 怎样用C++编程

http://www.cs.fit.edu/~mmahoney/cse2050/how2cpp.html

这是一个C++编程的简单教程，只有一页，基本涵盖了所有的内容（这是夸张）。不过，有功夫看看这么短的东西也好，也是一个比较好的参考文献。下面给出了第一章，就是一个比较罗嗦的目录。

You may copy this file for noncommercial use. The latest version is located at cs.fit.edu/~mmahoney/cse2050/how2cpp.html updated Sept. 26, 2005. Please report errors to Matt Mahoney at mmahoney@cs.fit.edu. Seldom-used features have been deliberately omitted.

Language Summary

Basic Concepts 
Statements if, for, while, return, break...
Expressions arithmetic, comparison, assignment...

The most important types are int, char, bool, double, and the containers string, vector, and map. Summary of common types:

Built-in        Description
int x;          Fastest integer type (16-32 bits), also short, long, unsigned
char x;         8-bit character, '\0' to '\xFF' or -128 to 127
double x;       64 bit real + or - 1.8e308, 14 significant digits, also float
bool x;         true or false                    
             
Modifiers       Description
const T x;      Non-modifiable object
T& y=x;         Reference, y is an alias for x, which both have type T
T f(...) {...}  Defines f as a function returning T
T* p;           Pointer to T (*p is a T object)
T[N] a;         Array of N elements of T, a[0] to a[N-1]
static T x;     Place x in data segment
register T x;   (rare) Hint to optimize for speed
volatile T x;   (rare) x may be modified externally

The following standard library types and functions require at the beginning of the program:

  #include <header>
 using namespace std;
             
Library Type    Description                             Header
istream         Standard input (cin)                    iostream
ostream         Output (cout, cerr, clog)               iostream
ifstream        Input file                              fstream
ofstream        Output file                             fstream
string          Sequence of char                        string
vector       Expandable array/stack of T             vector
deque        Array/double ended queue                deque
list         List/stack/queue of T                   list
map      Associative mapping of T1 to T2         map
set         A map with keys only                    set
pair     Two objects of type T1 and T2           map or utility
priority_queue  Sorted queue                         queue
stack        Stack                                   stack
bitset       Array of N bool with logical operations bitset
valarray     Array with arithmetic operations        valarray
complex      Complex number                          complex
iterator        Pointer into a container                (Included with container)
const_iterator  Pointer not allowing element assignment (Included with container)
exception       Hierarchy of exception types            stdexcept, exception

C++ Standard Library Functions                          Header
min(), max(), swap(), sort(), copy(), equal()           algorithm
accumulate(), inner_product()                           numeric
back_inserter()                                         iterator
equal_to(), less(), bind2nd()                           functional
set_new_handler()                                       new

C Library Functions                                     Header
atoi(), atof(), abs(), rand(), system(), exit()         cstdlib
isalpha(), isdigit(), tolower(), toupper()              cctype
sqrt(), log(), exp(), pow(), sin(), cos(), atan()       cmath
clock(), time()                                         ctime
strlen(), memset(), memmove(), memcmp()                 cstring
printf(), fopen(), getc(), perror()                     cstdio
assert()                                                cassert 

C++ allows you to create your own types and libraries. The most important type is a class, allowing object oriented programming. A class is an abstract data type with a hidden representation and a set of public member functions and types. Classes can be organized into a hierarchy (inheritance), and you can write code that accepts any type in this hierarchy (polymorphism). Functions and classes can be parameterized by type (templated).

class T {...};  Defines T as a collection of types, objects, and member functions
template  ... Defines a set of functions or classes over all T
typedef T U;    Defines type U is a synonym for T
enum T {...};   Defines T as an int, and set of int constants
struct T {...}; Like a class, except default scope of members is public
union T {...};  A struct with object members overlapping in memory
namespace N {...};  Defines a scope for a collection of types, objects, and functions

Program Organization (compiling, linking, make)
History of C++
Further Reading